Burnett-Garfield House Resources

I’ve created a comprehensive list of resources about the Burnett-Garfield House and property, and the recent developments regarding the possible sale and demolition of the building. There’s a growing list of news articles, opinion pieces, photos (including the interior), MHC documents, etc.

Harvard Shaker Village, Harvard, Massachusetts

VAF-New England Field Trip to the Harvard Shaker Village, Harvard, Massachusetts

October 2, 2010

Recently, the New England Chapter of Vernacular Architecture Forum VAF-NE toured the Harvard Shaker Village on Shaker Road on a brilliant Fall day. This was a special opportunity to see these singular properties that are now private residences. The owners welcomed our small group of vernacular architecture buffs into their extraordinary homes. Our tour guides for the day were Robert Adam (VAF Board member) and Michael Volmar, curator  Fruitlands Museum, Harvard.

Michael (left) and Robert (center)

Robert explains the finer points

 Text taken from Shantia Anderheggen’s tour notes. Historical note below  from  the Shaker Historic Trail  (National  Park Service)

The Harvard Settlement was the second Shaker community in the US and the first in Massachusetts. Dissenters left  Harvard’s Protestant Church  in 1769 and built their own place of worship . In 1781 Mother Ann visited the leaderless group and brought them  into the United Society of Believers. Mother Ann’s occasional presence in Harvard extended utopian Shaker influence over the district.  Like other Shaker settlements, Harvard’s followed a standard family layout, with Church, North, South and East complexes — only the latter two survive today.

The first building we looked at was the CHURCH FAMILY HERB DRYING HOUSE .  Constructed in ca.1848, the Church Family Herb Drying House provided an opportunity to see a unique purpose-built building and the only remaining Shaker stone building, now owned by the Town of Harvard. It has recently undergone extensive exterior repairs to the cornice and slate roof funded by the Community Preservation Act.

SECOND DWELLING HOUSE:  The construction of the Second Dwelling House is mentioned in the Shaker Journals of 1795; this building has served as a dormitory, infirmary and single-family residence.  Evidence of the ca.1860 alteration from gambrel roof to gable roof was available for viewing.

Second Dwelling House

Second Dwelling House

Second Dwelling House - rear

Second Dwelling House - center hall

Second Dwelling House - Living Room

 CHURCH FAMILY MEETING HOUSE:  Serving as the Shaker Meetinghouse from its ca. 1791 construction until 1918, the Church Family Meeting House retains much of its early architectural fabric, along with evidence of two campaigns of alteration (ca.1850/1936).  Located at the center of the Church Family complex, the Meeting House was the focus of social and religious life. The original main block had an entry door at each end,  and  the ells  attached either end of the main block also had  entrances. In all the four entrances functioned based on gender and  church hierarchy (elders).

Church Family Meeting House – Entrance main block, North end

Church Family Meeting House - Entrance main block, South end

Church Family Meeting House



TRUSTEES OFFICE:  One of the largest Shaker buildings, the Trustees Office was constructed ca. 1840, according to Shaker Journals. Although somewhat altered ca. 1936, the Trustees Office retains most of it’s early architectural features and finishes on a total of six floor levels, including a unique round brick chimney, subbasement and fine-tooled granite foundations.

Trustees Office

Trustees Office - Front Entrance

Trustees Office - rear

Trustees Office – Living room

 

SOUTH FAMILY DWELLING: The South Family Dwelling is similar to the Trustees Office but was constructed several years later (ca.1845) and by comparison is a more “worldly” building. Much of the building was built using contracted labor and features elements such as factory-made builder’s hardware. The buildings rear ell is an earlier “wash house” that was relocated to the current site at the time of construction of the larger dwelling house. Used as a chicken house in the mid-twentieth century, the South Family Dwelling house suffered neglect. Recent owners have restored the building while also making some contemporary interior adaptations.

South Family Dwelling - west (front) & south elevations

South Family Dwelling - south elevation

South Family Dwelling

South Family Dwelling - exterior is currently being restored

 

Second Family Dwelling - front entrance

Relaxing over lunch in front of the stone barn, South Dwelling House

 

Additional Resources at HABS – Photos & Plans of the Harvard Shaker Community

Item Titles
1.	Shaker Church Family Square House, Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
2.	Shaker Family Church, General Views, Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
3.	Shaker North Family Dwelling House, Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
4.	Shaker Holy Hill Outdoor Worship Area, Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
5.	Shaker Church Family Herb Drying House, Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
6.	Shaker South Family Privy, South Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
7.	Harvard Shaker House, Fruitlands Museum, Prospect Hill Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
8.	Shaker South Family Shop No. 1, South Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
9.	Shaker South Family Shop No. 2, South Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
10.	Shaker Church Family Barn (Ruins), Shaker Road vicinity, Harvard, Worcester, MA
11.	Shaker Church Family Trustees’ Office (second), Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
12.	Shaker Church Family Tailors’ Shop, Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
13.	Shaker Church Family Dwelling House (second), Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
14.	Shaker Ministry’s Shop, Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
15.	Shaker South Family Washhouse, South Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
16.	Shaker Meetinghouse, Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
17.	Shaker South Family Barn, South Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA
18.	Shaker South Family Dwelling House, South Shaker Road, Harvard, Worcester, MA

Jonathan Maynard School (1916) Framingham

This is probably my last blog on architect Charles M. Baker !

The former School, designed by Baker  in 1916 is currently The Public Schools Administration Offices, 14 Vernon Street. It is a fine example of adaptive reuse.  This bold, handsome structure dominates Framingham Centre  (Town Common) the historic core of the Town.  Charles Baker designed public buildings and houses in Southborough, and Framingham  where he lived, as well as many other New England towns .  His own modest Colonial Revival-style house  is located just north of the Framingham Centre along Edgell Road.    Charles  Baker was a civic leader who was active in Framingham’s preservation projects, the Town Common being one of the most important.

 Peters High School Annex, which was designed to blend into the Peters High School complex in Southborough, adopted many of the same colonial architectural motifs that Baker had favored two decades earlier in the Jonathan Maynard School illustrated  here.  Both buildings were imbued with patriotic overtones that recalled an idealized American Past.

Jonathan Maynard Municipal Building

The former Jonathan  Maynard School is a relatively high-style Colonial Revival building on a  more elaborate scale than Southborough’s former School Annex.

Balustrade and Cupola with coppered Dome Facade close up

 

Facade close up

 

Front Entrance — Colonial Revival

Historic Facade

Southborough Police Station, former Peters High School Annex

A recent photo to finish up this blog because it’s time to move onto another historic school building in Southborough ! 

Public Meeting March 18th, Southborough Historical Commission

Friends,

The Southborough Historical Commission has been working  to save the POLICE STATION.

 

Our Commission,  with the help of  a preservation architect, has been investigating  the current structure for adaptive reuse with the addition of new construction. 

Now  the members of the Historical Commission are asking for your help and participation.  First, please attend our meeting on March 18, 7:30 p.m. at the Senior Center.  Next, PLEASE pass along this information to your Southborough email list. 

It is important that town residents make themselves aware of the project,  since it will be a subject for discussion at Town Meeting in April. The Commission will be supported at the meeting by Wendy Frontiero, RA, Preservation Architect and Anne Forbes, Historic Preservation Consultant.

Discussion will include:  

• Historic Significance
• Economic Short-term and Long-term Responsibility
• Environmental Sustainability
• The “Character” of Southborough

 

Houses in Framingham & Southborough renovated by Charles M. Baker (1873-1942)

I finally tracked down some biographical information on Charles M. Baker.  The Framingham Historical Society has a transcript of Baker’s obituary published in the Framingham News, Oct. 22, 1942. The obituary states that Baker was one of the best-known architects in eastern Massachusetts. Born and raised in Taunton, Massachusetts,  Charles Baker  moved with his parents to Framingham in 1902, He studied architecture at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston’s pioneering and prestigious architecture school founded in 1868.  Baker was part of a new generation of well-trained, professional Boston architects.  He became prominent in Framingham’s civic and business affairs, and his forceful  personality made him a leading and successful advocate of historic preservation in the Town.  Incidentally Charles Baker worked with  Wallace Nutting a renowned colonial revival enthusiast, antiquarian, photographer, furniture maker and much more.  They both lived in Framingham Centre, the historic heart of the Town.

Charles Baker's House, Prior to Renovation, 1907

Charles Baker bought the house (above) at 121 Edgell Road, Framingham around 1907.  Old maps show the house was built by 1832.

Charles Baker's House, Post Renovation

Charles Baker’s  house (above) after he renovated it in picturesque colonial revival-style.  The architect lived here most of his life and the house  still stands.  **

 

Baker was becoming well-known for his remodelling and restoration of old colonial houses in the 1910s.  Below you can see two historic images of the house at 49 Lynbrook Road, Southborough, before and after Baker’s substantial renovation that doubled the size of the original residence.

49 Lynbrook Road, Prior to Baker's Renovation

The photograph (above) was reproduced in The Colonial House ( pub. 1916) by architect and author Joseph Everett Chandler. Baker renovated this house in 1915, and according to Joseph Chandler had designed a work “in the best of taste” creating “a livable modern Colonial structure. “ Chandler praised Baker’s design as the “essence of Colonial work.” This was high praise because Joseph Everett Chandler was a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1889) trained antiquarian and preservation architect. Chandler was born in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1864 of Mayflower descendants, and was a leading advocate of the Colonial Revival-style, believing that architectural forms embodied the values of their builders, and that a culture could not survive without preserving reminders of its origins and character. Joseph Everett Chandler wrote that the colonial  house aimed “to foster patriotism, Anglo-Saxonism, and acceptable Yankee values.”

The house on Lynbrook Road was written up in Southborough’s Historic Properties Survey (2000).

See below two views of the house as it is today.  (Photos courtesy of Sandra Worcester, member Southborough Historical Commission & Southborough Historical Society)

49 Lynbrook Road 2009

49 Lynbrook Road (2009)

 ** Photographs appear in Joseph Stowe Seabury, New Homes Under Old Roofs (pub. New York, 1916).

On the Trail of Architect Charles M. Baker (1873-1942)

First take a look at Charles Baker’s own colonial revival-style residence in Framingham Center. His house was featured in House Beautiful (August, 1917)

My research on Charles Baker began at the Boston Public Library, where they keep a card file on Boston architects. This prolific architect began his career in Framingham and opened an office in Boston in 1908. He lived most of his life in Framingham.

Next I paid a visit  to the Massachusetts Archives on Morrissey Boulevard which keeps an old wooden card file of building plans from towns all over Massachusetts. The small Southborough collection includes a roll of the original building plans (blueprints) for a “Grade Schoolhouse for Southborough”.   The eleven plans were in perfect condition, and displayed the crisp simplicity of the colonial revival-style schoolhouse. At the bottom of each plan was written — Charles M. Baker Architect, 25 Arch Street, Boston. The blueprints were dated 6-25-29.  In 2008,  Southborough Historical Commission ordered digital and hard copies for their archives.  See thumbnails below:

Click to enlarge

 

The Mass. Archives building also houses the offices and files of the Massachusetts Historical Commission (MHC), who have an online database of all historic buildings surveyed for the Commission. 

The table below lists buildings designed by  Charles M. Baker from MHC’s MACRIS files.  Baker built many schools and community centers, houses, churches and a commercial building.  He was active locally in Framingham and Southborough, but the table also shows the diversity of his architectural practice. 

Owner/ Name	Date	Building Type	Location	Style	Material
Peters High School Annex	1929	School, Police Station (1971)	Southborough	Colonial Revival	Brick
Southborough Fire Station	1927	Fire Station, Restaurant	Southborough	Colonial Revival	Brick
Leo L. Bagley Post of American Legion,	1921-22	East Wing, Community Center	Southborough	Shingle Style	Wood
Fayville Baptist Church	1919	Church, Business Office	Southborough	Colonial Revival	Wood
Framingham Community Building, E.W. Dennison Memorial Building	c.1928	Community Center	Framingham	Colonial Revival	Brick
Danforth Museum	c.1909	Museum, Farley Middle School, Community Center, Meeting Hall	Framingham	Classical Revival	Brick
Jonathan Maynard School   **	1916	School	Framingham Center, Local Historic District, 1995	Colonial Revival	Brick
West Boston Gas Co.	1927-8	Commercial block	Framingham	Colonial Revival	Brick
Roosevelt School	1924	School	South Framingham	Colonial Revival, Spanish Eclectic	Brick
L. Allen Kingsbury Elementary School ***	1924	School, Vacant	Wellesley	Colonial Revival	Brick
Theodore Roosevelt Grammar School	1924	School	Melrose	Classical Revival	Brick
North Easton Grammar School	1916	Public School, Vacant, Rehab. housing	North Easton, National Register District, 1972	Georgian Revival	Brick, cast stone
Natick High School	1912	School,  Town Hall	13 East Central St, Natick	Classical Revival	Brick
Marlborough High School	1897	School	255 Main St. Marlborough, National Register District, 1998	Classical Revival
First Parish Church	1926	Church	Framingham Center	Classical Revival	Brick
Herbert Taylor House	1937	Summer Residence	Oyster Harbors, Osterville	Colonial Revival	Wood shingle
Barbara Pierce Pearmain	1926	Summer House	Oyster Harbors, Osterville	Colonial Revival	Wood

 

** Architects: Charles M. Baker;  Brodie; Kilham, Hopkins & Greeley

*** Architect, Benjamin Proctor, Jr., associate architect Charles M. Baker

Progressive Education and Democracy during the 1920s-1930s

Question: Who was the first principal of the Peters’ High School Annex ?

Answer:  Miss Mary E. Finn, the highly respected teacher after whom the present elementary school is named.

I have been browsing through the Southborough Library’s collection of  historic Annual Reports, which contain school committee and school superintendent reports.  How passionate these people were about the power of education.  In 1912, when the Classical Revival-style  South Union School opened in the south part of town, the school superintendent declared “this is the age of progress”. 

South Union School

All school buildings, including Southborough’s are repositories of  the history of education, reminders of how schools are linked to broad communities. The only two surviving school buildings are South Union School (1911) and Peters High School Annex (1930) currently the Police Station. ** The number of students enrolled at Southborough’s schools during the 1920s and 1930s was growing. The construction of the Annex for elementary students reduced severe overcrowding in the Peters High School building.  The Colonial Revival -style was chosen as a symbol of  America’s idealized colonial past.  Classical design was adopted for the much of  nation’s public architecture, dating back to the founding fathers.  School architecture was standardized to promote  progressive educational goals especially citizenship. Below is the original plan for the classical facade of the building.

Design for facade - Charles M. Baker Architect, 1929

(Click picture for more detailed drawing in PDF format.)

High Standards and Innovation

These reports show that public education in Southborough demanded high standards.  In the early 20th century, the introduction of standardized achievement tests was an innovation.  Southborough students performed well against the national average in the tests. In 1930, children in grades 2 though 6 were judged to be one year above the national average.  Teachers were encouraged to take professional courses at Boston University as well as Harvard.  Albert Woodward, principal of Peters’ High School  spent the summer of 1928  studying at Harvard.  “Under the new education system, the pupil is the actor and the teacher is the listener and guide”  (Report, 1930). The introduction of an “Atwater Kent  Radio” at South Union School in 1929  “proved to be of  educational value.”  In 1930-31, the  Depression made cutbacks necessary BUT in spite of a shortage of money, the teaching staff were being trained to make  the school curriculum more relevant to “contemporary life.”

The public school system in America was, and continues to be,  a vital instrument for nurturing the democratic ideals we cherish. I believe that the demolition of Peters High School Annex would be  a failure of the Town’s  stewardship of a precious resource.

** The exterior of the  South Union School is about to begin the first phase of a rehabilitation, sponsored by the Southborough Historical Commission with the use of CPA funds under the direction of highly regarded preservation architect David Hart A.I.A. look at his web site for more information.

 

Architectural Style and Patriotism

Take a look at another photo from the Southborough Historical Society’s collection, dated 1904 . ** The main block of Peters High School (demolished) fronted onto downtown Main Street. The historic photo shows the school decked out with flags and red, white and blue bunting to honor the second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt.  The photo certainly speaks loudly to the connection between schools,  classical architecture and patriotism.

Peters High School (1904)

 

School Committee reports in the 1920s show that educators were very aware of the need to unify America after waves of immigration followed by the First  World War.  In 1919 Massachusetts was one of a number of states that passed the so-called Americanization Law.  Schools were partially reimbursed for organizing classes for foreign-born parents. Typically these classes taught English language, hygiene, and women could learn to cook American meals.

Update 1/14/09: In the 1922 Annual Report, the Southborough Superintendent of Schools wrote a paragraph titled “Amercanization”.  He wrote that  a group of  men in Fayville were “anxious to receive public school instruction in English and Citizenship”,  adding that if the Town accepted the provisions of Chapter 69, Sections 9 and 10, it would be reimbursed by the State for half  cost of providing these classes.  Further research would be needed to find out whether the classes were held.

 In the early deades of the 20th century, school architecture was often designed using an age old symbol of American democracy — classicism.   Peters High School (1900) and  Peters High School Annex (1930) belong to this proud tradition.

Southborough Police Station (formerly Peters High School Annex)

** “Old Southborough, A Photographic Essay,” Southborough Historical Society, pub.1981.

Sustainable Development and Preservation Strongly Linked

Historic buildings are tangible links with the past. They help give a community a sense of identity, stability and orientation.

Preservationists have nothing against new construction, but they believe that it is more appropriate to build it on a vacant lot.  If a building already sits on a lot then due diligence requires that the owner look into the possibility of adaptive re-use of the old building. It makes long term economic sense.

In the last decade, architects, developers and property owners have developed a fuller understanding of  the economic value of  existing buildings. This new approach to accounting is now incorporated into the National Trust’s new sustainable stewardship initiative. Nobody explains  the issues with more clarity than Richard Moe, President of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, speaking  about green building and preservation at a recent conference in Washington, D.C..

 “Here’s the concept in a nutshell: Buildings are vast repositories of energy. It takes energy to manufacture or extract building materials, more energy to transport them to a construction site, still more energy to assemble them into a building. All of that energy is embodied in the finished structure – and if the structure is demolished and landfilled, the energy locked up in it is totally wasted. What’s more, the process of demolition itself uses more energy – and, of course, the construction of a new building in its place uses more yet.
Let me give you some numbers that will translate that concept into reality.

• According to a formula produced for the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, about 80 billion BTUs of energy are embodied in a typical 50,000-square-foot commercial building. That’s the equivalent of 640,000 gallons of gasoline. If you tear the building down, all of that embodied energy is wasted.
• What’s more, demolishing that same 50,000-square-foot building would create nearly 4,000 tons of waste. That’s enough debris to fill 26 railroad boxcars – a train nearly a quarter of a mile long, headed for a landfill that is rapidly filling up.
• Once the old building is gone, putting up a new one in its place takes more energy, of course, and it also uses more natural resources and releases new pollutants and reenhouse gases into our environment. It is estimated that constructing a 50,000-square-foot commercial building releases about the same amount of carbon into the atmosphere as driving a car 2.8 million miles.”

Richard Moe explains  the  National Trust’s Sustainability Initiative that is built around core principles of  Sustainable Stewardship which  include:

• Reuse buildings: A sound older building that is abandoned or underused is a wasted asset. Putting existing buildings to good use reduces demolition and construction waste, lessens the demand for energy and other resources for new building materials, and conserves the energy originally expended to create these structures.
• Retrofit older and historic buildings to achieve energy efficiency: Because of their quality of construction, careful siting, and use of passive heating and cooling methods, many older buildings are remarkably energy-efficient. In fact, when the Government Services Administration ( GSA) examined its buildings inventory in 1999, it found that utility costs for historic buildings were 27% less than for more modern buildings. Nevertheless, many older buildings are badly in need of energy-efficiency upgrades – and there are plenty of techniques and products on the market that make these upgrades much less challenging than they once were.
• Respect historic integrity: An increasing number of sensitive and successful rehab projects demonstrates conclusively that historic buildings can go green without losing the distinctive character that makes them significant and appealing. Architects, developers and property owners no longer have to choose between getting the energy-efficiency they want or keeping the character they love; they can have both.

What is LEED certification?
In the United States and in a number of other countries around the world, LEED certification is the recognized standard for measuring building sustainability. Achieving LEED certification is the best way for you to demonstrate that your building project is truly “green.”

Cambridge City Hall Annex, a LEED Gold Certified building

 

Yes it’s on Main Street !

In discussions on the fate of Southborough’s Police Station, it has been said that the building doesn’t contribute to the streetscape on Main Street.  But  I think the photos shown below support the idea that the Police Station (former Peters High School Annex) at 19 Main Street is integral to the downtown streetscape, even though the building is set back from the sidewalk. Now that the leaves have dropped  from the trees, you have good view of the property from the sidewalk on Main Street, opposite the Community Center,  near the intersection with Rte. 85.

If  a new police station is constructed as a single-story addition  connected to the rear of the Fire Station, the existing police station would be demolished, and replaced with a parking lot.  While supporting the goal of updating the police facilities and ensuring public safety, the Historical Commission believes that there could be less expensive and more effective approaches involving adaptive reuse of the existing building. The Commission voted “to hire a qualified architect/ preservation consultant in adaptive reuse projects to review and estimate the 3-story police station plan dated Oct. 20, 2008 for renovation and rehabilitation with an addition of new construction”.

19 Main St. Southborough

Its location may strike you as  unusual BUT remember that the former Peters High School Annex (1930) was built  adjacent to the  main block of Peters High School (1900), which was demolished in the 1962, and eventually replaced on the site by the present fire Station, which opened in 1978.  Imagine the imposing old high school behind Peters Park facing Main Street, and the Annex sat nearby. In the historic photo below notice the Palladian window centered in the roof gable on the street facade.  The round headed windows on the Annex were designed to  correspond with the older high school’s decorative window in the ever popular classical style.

19 Main Street Southborough

 

Historic photo of Peters H.S.

 The current Police Station is sited at the center of the slated downtown beautification program. A group of enthusiastic Southborough residents have formed the  Main Street Council[1], a privately funded local non-profit organization whose stated aim is  to preserve, protect and enhance the character of the downtown area. The Council is working with noted engineering and landscape architectural firm Beals and Thomas Inc. to undertake a  feasibility study on  Main Street,  to evaluate  placing some of the overhead utility wires underground and improve the streetscape with tree plantings,  lighting, and sidewalks.  These improvements will be timed to coincide with the State’ reconstruction project (currently slated for 2012)  on Main Street. These efforts are designed to restore the tree-lined ambiance of historic Southborough. The undergrounding of utilities in downtown Main Street is in accord with the 2008 Southborough Master Plan.

The  former elementary school is all that remains of a proud institution that educated generations of Southborough children. The Annex was built at the onset of the  Depression. It continued its mission of  providing a progressive education in the face of the privations of World War II.  Peters High School  served the community until 1959, when it was closed. Today many Southborough residents still have a strong attachment to their old school.  Now we have the opportunity  to recognize the history of our town and also provide a refurbished police facility, which serves the police department and the community.

[1] Main Street Council Co-Chairmen Dennis Flynn and David Parry 

 

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